Jumat, 13 Februari 2015

The development of Madrasah in Indonesia until the 21st century
 Regional Autonomy, Decentralization, and Marketing Perspective
by:
Dahlena Sari Marbun, Lecturer, dahlenausm@gmail.com
Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Studies (Fakultas Keguruan Ilmu Pendidikan) Universitas Islam Sumatra Utara, Medan
ABSTRACT
The appearance of regional autonomy policy and decentralization in education aims to provide opportunities to educational participants to obtain skills, knowledge, and attitude which are useful to society. Madrasah could respond to to sudden change in curriculum as it does not exactly follow the national curriculum. As an educational institution born out of societal needs, madrasah integration in society is easier, as society participates more in madrasah operation. The involvement of society is not only limited based to parents involvement, but also the wider societal involvement. As in accordance with the spirit of decentralization which takes in aspiration and participation of society, the involvement of society at large is needed to develop and improve madrasah educational quality. Using conceptual approach, this paper aims to chart a way forward for madrasah to prosper in today’s age of regional autonomy, providing a marketing perspective.
Keywords: madrasah, marketing strategy, regional autonomy, decentralization









Introduction
Madrasah could be deemed a new phenomenon among Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia. Its teaching and learning has not yet been standardised from one region to another, especially regarding curriculum and lesson plans. Effort to unite and standardise the madrasah system has only been tried since the 1950 after Indonesia obtained its independence. In its development madrasah is divided into levels: Ibtidaiyah, Tsanawiyah and Aliyah.  Madrasah is younger than pesantren. The first madrasah was the Madrasah Manba'ul Ulum of the Surakarta Kingdom in 1905 and the Adabiyah School founded by Syekh Abdullah Ahmad in West Sumatra in 1909 (Malik Fadjar, 1998). Madrasah was founded to realize the renewal of Islamic educational system by some concerned Muslim scholars. The renewal, according to Karl Steenbrink (1986), consists of three things:
·     The effort to perfect the pesantren educational system.
·     Adjustment with Western education system, and
·     The effort to bridge the traditional educational system with Western educational system.
Madrasah as an Islamic educational institution is now placed as a school under the national education system. The signing of Joint Decision Letter (Surat Keputusan Bersama - SKB) of three ministers (Religious Affairs, Education and Culture, and Interior) indicated that the position of madrasah is strong enough to equal the position of school. In addition the SKB was also deemed as a positive step to increase the quality of madrasah from the aspects of status, degree value and curriculum (Malik Fadjar, 1998). In one of the deliberation points for the SKB it was stated that steps to increase madrasah educational quality needs to be undertaken such that madrasah alumni could continue or transfer to common schools from the primary to tertiary level.
This paper would elaborate briefly the problems of madrasah in Indonesia, as well as regional autonomy, solution to madrasah problems, and ends with a conclusion. Conceptual approach is used to chart a way forward for madrasah to prosper in today’s age of regional autonomy.
Problems of Madrasah in Indonesia
First, weak foundation, vague purpose, irrelevant curriculum, unqualified teachers, hazy evaluation. Madrasah education is imprecisely defined from primary to tertiary levels. According to Moh. Raqib madrasah alumni is also not creative, gauged from the abundance of unemployment among them as they prefer to become civil servant in which quota is limited. This shows a lack of creativity to generate self-employment. This lack of creativity often caused by the lack of emphasis on creativity in the educational system.
Second, the lack of teacher’s professional competence. The teachers, who are the most important component in an education system, in general lack this competence.
Third, educational leaders who are weak in communication and negotiation. They often do not have sufficient ability to build internal communication with the teachers.
In addition of internal factors, there are also external factors:
First, the discriminative treatment of Islamic education system by the government. The fund allocation given by the government to Islamic education is comparatively very little compared to the funds given to non-Islamic education system.
Second, the bureaucrat’s paradigm on Islamic education has been dominated by sectoral approach, not functional approach. Islamic education is not considered as part of the education sector as it is not under the Education and Culture Department.
Third, Islamic education institution is the last alternative of many youths in society after they are not accepted in non-Islamic educational institution. This view of society can certainly be an indicator of their lack of trust of Islamic education system.
The position and role of Islamic education with its variety of educational institution are still topics of contention. Islamic education should be able to play its part as alternative education promising a good future. But the fact remains, madrasah, school, and Islamic higher education institution tend to affiliate with Islamic social organization such as Muhammadiyah, NU, and Persis or Perguruan Islam bodies/foundations.
It is hoped that there would be efforts for schools and related institutions to create an ideal Islamic education system to develop optimally spiritual, emotional and intelligence quotients. The three of them are integrated in a virtuous circle, which then create a new paradigm in society that Islamic schools are of good quality. As such the discriminative attitude and the problem of educational quality could slowly change. Certainly through the concept of integrated curriculum, the education process could balance between religious studies and non-religious studies.
Regional Autonomy and Decentralization
The emergence of regional autonomy policy and decentralisation aims to provide opportunity to educational participants to obtain skills, knowledge, and attitude which can contribute to society. Madrasah could also survive more in the fast-changing curriculum, as it does not follow the national curriculum. The decentralization management delegates responsibility to school to conduct teaching and learning process according to local need. As such, madrasah could manage its activities without central government intervention. Through teaching and learning based on local need, curriculum is not burdened with unnecessary materials. The teaching and learning process is hoped to be effective such that a higher achievement could be obtained. The involvement of government in education caused madrasah management to include additional programs to increase educational quality. Remedial and course programs to increase cognitive, social and emotional ability of students from low socio-economic background could be added.
Solution to Madrasah Problems
Education is closely related to globalization. There needs to be reforms in Indonesian madrasah, with the emphasis to create a more comprehensive and flexible education, such that the graduates could function effectively in a global democratic society. An alternative is to develop madrasah with global vision (Zamroni, 2000: 90).
According to Rahman, the main solution is the development of creative and dynamic as well as integrated education system in which madrasah is a perfect vehicle. While Tibi wrote that the main solution is secularization, which is the industrialization of a society which means functional differential of social and religious system.
Marketing Perspective
Madrasah, from a marketing perspective, is an institution which serves customers in the form of students, parents, and the public, collectively known as ‘stakeholder’. These stakeholders must be provided a satisfactory service, as they have paid through a variety of means, such as tuition fee, building investment fee, exam fee, tax, and government’s school assistance. This service could be seen from a variety of aspects, from infrastructure to human resource. A willingness to view madrasah from a marketing perspective entails a willingness to be demanded a satisfactory service by consumers. No longer acceptable are leaky roofs, dirty toilets, dimly lit rooms, outdated computers, and unsafe environment. Staff should be friendly, polite, and disciplined. Teachers should master their subjects, update their knowledge, and able to motivate students. The end point of all these aspects would be customer satisfaction, which would increase the popularity of madrasahs as a preferred choice for primary to secondary educational institution. 
Conclusion
In the spirit of decentralization which allows society to channel its aspiration and participate in education quality development and improvement, society needs to have a high degree of care of educational institutions in their vicinity. This could inculcate a high degree of ownership through contribution in management, control, development, and other forms of participation to make local community proud of educational institution in their midst. The problem of madrasah arises due to forgetting of its roots. There is dual interpretation. Madrasah is not an extension of pesantren. On one hand, madrasah is identical with school because it has a relatively similar curriculum with non-Islamic school. The solution of madrasah problem is the policy taken to determine madrasah’s fate, which should not put at a disadvantage its Islamic specialty in the short and long term.
There should be no more discrimination between madrasah and school. The local government needs to pay adequate attention. Eventhough all this while madrasah is under the control of central government. If the current design of madrasah development is deemed effective to achieve and maintain the vision, mission, and purpose of national education, the Ministry of Religious Affairs need to optimalize coordination with Education Council and School Committee, in addition of increasing accountability. Madrasah as an educational institution from, by, and for the society has not obtained fully our attention. The increase in educational quality would not be realized without the participation of all parties. As such, madrasah needs to be helped, defended and fought for. A marketing perspective, such as elaborated in this paper, needs to be discussed and debated among all stakeholders.

  

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